对美国联邦制的评价 英文版的

对美国联邦制的评价 英文版的

U.S. federal [Edit this paragraph] federal definition of federalism are two or more power-sharing government on the same geographical region and its people to exercise the power system. So far, centralized system of government is still the most common form of government. This system is only one source of power, that is the central or national government. While federal and unitary system of government, the democratic can grow, but the two forms of government systems have significant and substantive difference. For example, the United Kingdom is a unitary government. Britain's Parliament on all the events within the UK has the final say. Even if the Parliament will devolve power to local affairs, it still can order any of the UK towns and counties the county board to do that should be done; as long as the Council is willing to, Parliament or even repeal or change any town, county or county boundaries. In the United States, the situation is quite different. Located in Washington, DC's national government laws apply to any person living in the United States, but the U.S. 50 states state law applies only to residents in the state. According to the U.S. "Constitution," Congress shall make no abolition of a state, nor any one state could jeopardize the national government can only exercise the power. In fact, the implementation of the federal system in the United States, the United States Constitution is the authority of national government and state governments lie. Conversely, the Constitution reflects the will of the American people, while the will of the people is democracy the supreme power lies. In a federal State, the State Government has a clear right to the full sovereignty of foreign affairs. However, in domestic affairs, the exercise of power is a more complex problem. According to the Constitution, the U.S. government in the management of interstate and foreign trade, coinage, immigration naturalization, to maintain ground forces or naval forces and other matters, has not its none other than power. United States federal government to ensure that each state is republican government, to ensure no other form of government the state can be established, for example, the monarchy. In these areas is clearly beyond the states in the national interest, and therefore power in these areas accordingly vested in national governments. Governments also have a two-state or multi-state dispute settlement to resolve disputes between citizens of different states jurisdiction. However, in other areas of domestic policy, national and state governments may have parallel or overlapping interests and needs. In these areas, the State Government and the State Government may also exercise the power; in the power of these exist, the most important thing is to collect taxes. "Constitution" does not make provisions for the national government authority areas, state and national government can not lawfully exercise the powers in conflict situations to take action. Affect the daily life of citizens in a number of important issues, such as education, crime and punishment, health and safety, "the Constitution" does not make a direct division of responsibilities. According to the founding of the republic is based on the principles of their predecessors, especially John Locke's theory, people should have these powers, through different state constitution, the people those powers delegated to the states. "Constitution" founding fathers recognized that the federal and state levels of government occurred Chongtu Dikenengxing, especially in the parallel use of authority of Ling Yu, was Caina Le Several strategies Lai Bimianzhezhong happen. First of all, the United States "the Constitution" has constitutional status than the state and federal courts to implement the adopted. "Constitution" in a provision that if the State Government to exercise the constitutional powers and the state government's legal action in conflict, then the supreme power of the country. "Constitution" also expressly prohibited the state government to exercise certain powers granted to the national government. "Constitution" founders was to strive to make "Constitution" passed, agreed to support state intervention to prevent the right of personal liberty the "bill of rights", or "Constitution" the first ten amendments. A list of the states through the mutual obligations between the "Constitution" as the relationship between state and state laid down the basic principles, and makes any new entrants to the first federal state composed of federal and state equal status. Finally, by giving the states in the United States Senate, that is, the upper house of parliament, the number of seats the same, the states get equal representation in national government. Founding father of the United States sought through all the way to reduce the federal conflict between several layers of government. Create American-style federalism is based on a new sovereignty, or rule of daily maximum and concepts. In the UK and European political theory, sovereignty is one dollar, indivisible. However, in 1776 the United States existed before independence from the British Empire in crisis, the colonial people, whilst the British Empire, the overall affairs of parliamentary control, but in practice, the colonial legislature to formulate its own laws. However, despite this, the early war of independence in accordance with the U.S. government is still the old idea of indivisible sovereignty of the operation. According to 1783 the "Confederation" (Articles of Confederation), which is the first U.S. Constitution, each State or each of the former colony, has the supreme authority; interstate only through a "friendly alliance" to deal national issues. However, this confederation system of government less than satisfactory in practice, even in some people, is dangerous. Some states not only deprived of their right to freedom of some citizens, but also often at the expense of the overall national interest to do so to seek their own interests. Of the "Confederation" led to widespread dissatisfaction with the convening of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, drafting a new constitution. Constitutional Convention created a "constitution" to the following famous words at the outset: "We, the people of America ... ...", which shows where the new nation's sovereignty. Created by the people of this "Constitution", without the sovereign to the state, nor give it to the state government. It seems illogical for the Government has set a model, the new "constitution" to become possible, because the national and state government powers are conferred by the sovereign people. This authorization is written "the Constitution," expressed in the form, to different levels of government divided into their respective roles. The reason why the state and national governments can be the same area, the same population, while the exercise of power, because their book focus on different: the state focused on local affairs, the state emphasize the broader issues. U.S. pilot form of government is to make state and national government as an independent entity unrelated co-exist, each with its own jurisdiction; the truth is, with two levels of government is to serve the people.