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八年级英语语法详解?

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解决时间 2021-03-07 18:33
想要八年级英语语法的详细总结?
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Ⅰ. 初中英语八种时态归纳复习
时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容,广大初中学生在实际运用时,往往对时态总是倍感棘手,下面我们就归纳复习一下这几种时态。
一、一般现在时:
概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
时间状语:
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.
基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
二、一般过去时:
概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
三、现在进行时:
概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.
基本结构:am/is/are+doing
否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
四、过去进行时:
概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
基本结构:was/were+doing
否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。
五、现在完成时:
概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
基本结构:have/has + done
否定形式:have/has + not +d one.
一般疑问句:have或has。
六、过去完成时:
概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
基本结构:had + done.
否定形式:had + not + done.
一般疑问句:had放于句首。
七、一般将来时:
概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本结构:①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do.
否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。
八、过去将来时:
概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
基本结构:①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do.
否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should 提到句首。
Ⅱ. 几种常见时态的相互转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:
一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看:
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work(在工作), at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看:
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换
“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事;将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中,当主语为第一人称时,常用助动词shall。在口语中,所有人称都可以用will。请看:
We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday
全部回答
11. 动词的时态 11.1 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。 返回动词的时态目录 11.2 一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了? 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。 3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去) 注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗? 返回动词的时态目录 11.3 used to / be used to used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。 返回动词的时态目录 11.4 一般将来时 1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 返回动词的时态目录 11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 返回动词的时态目录 11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排) 返回动词的时态目录 11.7 一般现在时表将来 1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。 2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3)在时间或条件句中。例如: When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。 返回动词的时态目录 11.8 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如: I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗? 返回动词的时态目录 11.9 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。 返回动词的时态目录 11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。 2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如: I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了) I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了) Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了) Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。 (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 返回动词的时态目录 11.11 用于现在完成时的句型 1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如: This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 (1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。 (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。 注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 返回动词的时态目录 11.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。) 注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 返回动词的时态目录 11.13 since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如: I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。 2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如: I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。 3) since +从句。例如: Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如: It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 返回动词的时态目录 11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如: He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如: He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。 2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。 返回动词的时态目录 11.15 过去完成时 1) 概念:表示过去的过去 ----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2) 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如: She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。 b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如: When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。 c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如: We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如: He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如: I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。 had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如: He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。 返回动词的时态目录 11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时 1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如: When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。 2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如: When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如: Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 返回动词的时态目录 11.17 将来完成时 1) 构成will have done 2) 概念 a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如: They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。 b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如: You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。 返回动词的时态目录 11.18 现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法: a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如: Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。) c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如: The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如: You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。 典型例题 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 返回动词的时态目录 11.19 不用进行时的动词 1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如: I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如: You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。 返回动词的时态目录 11.20 过去进行时 1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。 3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如: My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。 典型例题 1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。 2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈 unit 1 how often do you exercise? grammar: 特殊疑问句:wh-questions: what, who, where, when, which, whose, why, whom等。 特殊疑问句的构成及用法: 结构:特殊疑问词+ 一般疑问句, 即:特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语(+其他) 疑问代词: 1) who:谁。做主语,用来指人 who is the boy under the tree? 2)whom 谁,做宾语,用来指人 whom are you writing to? 3) whose 谁的,用来指所属关系,如果做定语,一般后接名词 whose pen is this? 4) which 哪个,哪些,用来指对人或物在一定范围之内进行选择 which grils will in the sports meeting? which pen is lily’s? 5)what什么,通常指物,也可指人,一般用在没有指出范围的情况下 what can you see in the picture? what are you doing now? 疑问副词: when:何时,询问时间 when will she come back? where何地,询问地点, where do you come from? why为什么,询问原因, why are you late for school? how 如何,询问手段、方式、工具以及程度等 how do you usually go to school? how old多大,询问年龄,how old is jim’s little brother? how many/much多少,询问数量 how many birds are there in the tree? how far多远,询问距离, how far is it form your home to school? how long多长,多久,询问时间的长度或距离 how long will you stay in beijing? how often多长时间按一次,询问频率 how often do you go to see your grandparents? how soon多久,询问时间 how soon will you come back? 频率副词:表示动作发生的频率,never, sometimes, often, usually, always. unit 2 what’s the matter with you? grammar: 1. 用have 来描述身体不适 have/have got a +疾病名字;得了……病 2.情态动词should,情态动词should,can, may, must没有人称和时态的变化,后接动词原形 unit 3 what are you doing for vacation? grammar:现在进行时表将来 一般将来时 表示将要做某事或计划打算做某事要用到句型“be+doing”其中be是助动词,它有人称和单复数的变化。be: am, is, are. be + v.ing是现在进行时的形式,但用于表示将来。用进行时表将来,常用于表示即将来临的未来预定要做的事情,一般指个人计划要做的事。用于此情况的动词一般是表示位置转移的动词,如,go, come, leave, start, arrive, move等。 一.肯定句中,结构为“be+doing.” i am going shopping this afternoon. 二.否定句是在be之后加not. i’m not going to shopping this afternoon. 三.一般疑问句是将be置于句首 are you going shopping this afternoon?—yes, i am/ we are. no, i’m not./ we aren’t. 四.特殊疑问句“疑问词+一般疑问句语序。” what are you doing for vacation? when is he going camping? who are you going there with? where is she going? unit 4 how do you get to school? grammar: how引导的特殊疑问句:是指以how, how far, how long, how old,how many, how much等词开头的疑问句。 how does he get to shool?---- he takes the train to get to shool. how long does it take to walk? ----it takes about 35 minutes to walk. how far is it from your home to school? it’s four miles from my home to school. how old is he now? she is twelve years old now. how many storybooks do you have? i have five storybooks. how much is this coat? this coat is 200 yuan. 特殊疑问句的简略结构:how about…?+ 名词或动词-ing形式,用于提出建议、请求或征求意见、询问消息等。如:how about playing tennis? unit 5 can you come to my party? grammar:情态动词can及邀请句式及其问答 情态动词can的用法: can 是最长用的情态动词,其后跟动词原形,can的否定形式为cannot,can’t. can表“能力”,意思是:能,会 i can paly basketball,but i can’t swim. can表示能力时可和be able to 互换,be able to有更多的时态,常被用来表示can所 不能表示的将来或完成的概念。e.g. they will be able to run this machine on their own in three months. 表示“可能性”,意思是:可以,可能。that big cinema can seat 5,000 people. 表示允许,意思是可以能够 you can have the book when i have finished it. 表示“惊讶、不相信等(用于疑问句、否定句或感叹句中”。意思是“会、可能。” this can’t be true. can it be true? 如何发出、接受和谢绝别人的邀请 表达邀请的常用句型: can you come to…? could you come to…? would you like to come to…? do you want to come to…? 接受邀请的常用句型: sure. certainly. ok. i’d love to. 谢绝邀请的常用句型: i’m sorry, i can’t. i have to… i’m afraid i can’t. i have to… i don’t think i can. i have to… unit 6 i’m more outgoing than my sister. grammar:形容词的比较级 规则变化、不规则变化(课本p93) than 是比较级中最常见的标志词,意思是“比”。用于引出比较的对象。1.he draws better than me.2.you’re older than i am. you are older than me. 形容词比较级前,有时可以用much,far, a little,a bit, even, three times等词来修饰。much 和far表示“……得多”,much better好得多,a little, a bit表示稍微,一些,一点。a little shorter, 稍微矮点;even表示“甚至,更加,还要……”even bigger还要大些,three times表示 “…三倍”,如three times bigger than 比……大三倍 very绝不可以用来修饰比较级,very,so,too, quite 修饰原级 unit 7 how do you make banana milk shake? grammar: 可数名词与不可数名词 一.可数名词 英语中的物质名词大体上可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词指物体的数量可数。其单数形式可在名词前加a或an,表示一个,如a pear. 其负数形式要在词尾加-s,或-es(特殊情况除外),如two bananas, three tomatoes. many many apples a few students few bags 二.不可数名词 1.不可数名词指物体的数量不可数。不可数名词没有单复数之分,也不能在词前直接加冠词a 或an.表示不可数名词的数量时可在不可数名词前加相应的由量词构成的短语。如a bag of… 2.常见的量词短语有: a piece of… a cup of… a teaspoon of… a bottle of… 3.不可数名词还可以用下面的词表示数量:much much rain a little little 4.既可以修饰不可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词的词有: lots of= a lot of许多,大量 some一些(用于肯定句)any一些(用于否定句和一般疑问句) unit 8 how was your school trip? grammar: 一般过去时:指在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去意义的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last year(week,month…),two years ago, in2006等。有时也可用when,after,before, as soon as引导的时间状语从句。该时态在句中的体现是谓语动词用过去式。谓语be动词→was/were 否定:wasn’t /weren’t be动词句型 一般疑问句:was/were +主语… 特殊疑问句:疑问词+was/were+主语 陈述句:主语+was/were+…(肯定句) 否定句:主语+wasn’t/weren’t+… 行为动词句型(当句中的动词为行为动词时,要借助动词did构成一般疑问句和否定句) 肯定式:主语+动词过去式 否定式:主语+didn’t+动词原形 一般疑问句:did +主语+动词原形 特殊疑问句:did+主语+动词原形 unit 9 when was he born? grammar: 一般过去时的特殊疑问句 一般过去时的特殊疑问句的变法同一般现在时一样,不同之处在于须将be动词或助动词改为过去时态,即“特殊疑问词+were或was(第三人称单数)+主语+(表语)+其他成分”或“特殊疑问词+助动词did+主语+实义动词+其他成分。” 以when引导的特殊疑问句,对某人的出生年月进行提问,句型是: when was/were…born? … was/were born in +时间 when was david beckham born? 大卫.贝克汉姆是什么时候出生的?he was born in 1975. 二.以how long 引导的特殊疑问句,对表示某一短时间的状语进行提问。句型是: how long did + 主语+动词? how long did charles smith hiccup? he hiccupped for 69 years and 5 months. 三.when did he start hiccupping? 他什么时候开始打嗝?when +did+主语+动词? unit 10 i’m going to be a basketball player. grammar:一般将来时 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 1. be going to + 动词原形 what are you going to do next sunday? 2. will/shall + 动词原形 i will go to my hometown next week. 3.be +v.ing the greens are moving to another city the day after tomorrow. 4. be +动词不定式 you are to be back by 10 o’clock. 5. be + about + 动词不定式 the meeting is about to begin. unit 11 could you please clean your room? grammar:情态动词 情态动词,表示说话者对某一动作的看法和态度,包括可能、怀疑、允许、愿望、必要、猜测等。can(能、会),may( 可以),must( 必须、一定)等。 情态动词的特点:(1)情态动词有一定词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和另一个动词原形一起构成谓语,且没有人称和数的变化。1. i can speak english. 2. she must be a teacher. 3. we may go home now. (2)变否定句时,直接在情态动词后面加not,无需加助动词。he can’t play the guitar well. he can’t answer the question. you mustn’t be late. (3)含有情态动词的句子变一般疑问句时,须将情态动词提前。can you help me? must i go there at once? (4)can 可表示能力、允许、可能性、怀疑猜测,意为“能,会,可以。”can’t, 意为“不能,不会,不可以。”,还有“不可能”之意。 --can you drive? – sorry, i can’t. it can’t be true. (5)can 也可表示请求与邀请 can you please sweep the floor? unit12 what’s the best radio station? grammar:形容词/副词的最高级,用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较,表示在一群人或事物中,其中一个 “最……”见课本p93语法 the +最高级 she is the tallest of all her classmates. 最高级可被序数词以及much, by far,nearly,almost, by no means, not quite,not really, nothing like等修饰。this hat is by far the biggest. 表示最高程度的形容词,excellent, extreme, prefect等没有最高级也不能用比较级。he is an excellent teacher. 形容词最高级间修饰做表语或介词并与的名词代词是,被修饰的词往往省略。 he is the youngest (boy) in his class. who/which +be+最高级,a,b,or c? who is the most useful, a bicycle, a motorcycle,or a car? the +序数词+最高级 he is the second tallest student in our class. one of the +最高级+复数名词 the yellow river is one of the longest rivers in china.
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